Answer:
a) ATP synthase, proton gradient, electron transport chain, inner mitochondrial membrane
Explanation:
ATP synthase: In both photosynthesis and cellular respiration, ATP synthase is an enzyme complex responsible for producing ATP. It utilizes the energy stored in a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.
Proton gradient: Both processes involve the establishment of a proton gradient across a membrane (thylakoid membrane in photosynthesis and inner mitochondrial membrane in cellular respiration). This proton gradient is created during the electron transport chain.
Electron transport chain: In both photosynthesis (specifically the light-dependent reactions) and cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation), there is an electron transport chain. This chain consists of a series of protein complexes embedded in a membrane (thylakoid membrane or inner mitochondrial membrane), which transfer electrons and generate a proton gradient.
Inner mitochondrial membrane: This membrane is where the electron transport chain and ATP synthase are located in cellular respiration. Similarly, in photosynthesis, the thylakoid membrane serves the same function, housing the electron transport chain and ATP synthase.
